Questions On Online Shopping Development - 1748 Words

Oliver in 1997 had defined satisfaction that is the customer reports to judge a product or service, provide a â€Å"pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment†. Customer satisfaction should be measured for influence customer buying and repurchases. In last decades, online shopping speedily develops and deeply impacts traditional shopping. Customers and retailers are allowed to run business without limitation of geography and temporal barriers around world. By the advantages of Internet, lower prices will be provided in online markets while improve social welfare (Bapna et al. 2008), more selected product , and higher efficiency than traditional markets (Ghose et al. 2006). With online shopping development, online customer satisfaction will be more considered than before. There are 7 most important factors during 3 buying process will influence customer satisfaction. Before buying process, website quality and product information and retailer information will influence customer satisfaction and buying activity. Payment security and pricing are other most important factors during buying activity will affect customer satisfaction. After that, delivering and customer service will be last two factors affecting customer satisfaction. In this essay, each factor will be discuss and explain influence for customer satisfaction. Before buying process, website quality and product information and retailer information will influence customer satisfaction. A good website design willShow MoreRelatedA Report On Online Shopping1197 Words   |  5 Pagescomfortable than conventional shopping which usually attributed with anxious, crowded, traffic jam, limited time, parking space and etc. (BBC, 2014). Apart from this, most of network commodities’ price is cheaper than the same product in store. Hence, online shopping is becoming one of the most popular shopping styles. However, there are more and more complaints about shopping sites today, which became one of the biggest bottlenecks restricting the development of online shopping markets. Due to the factRead MoreElectronic Commerce ( Ec )1031 Words   |  5 Pagesway to their customer to purchase products online. Online buying is the process of selling and buying goods or services by using computer via internet. Since the development of www (World Wide Web), vendors have looked for a way to sell their goods and products to people who like to spend time on the internet. Shoppers can visit web stores from their houses and shop while they are sitting in front of their computer or laptop. Internet and online shopping has the ability to provide a lot of typesRead MoreThe Advantages and Risks of Online Shopping Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages With the rapid development of computer and internet, online commerce become quite common and plays an important role in the modern world. The online business has booming development in these few years. US online retail sales raised an average of 11% in the first three months of 2009 (â€Å"US Online Sales Up,† 2009). The growth of online sales may due to the growing number of consumers who shop online. In the case of Asia, survey reported 77.6% of Inte rnet users have online shopping experiences in 2003Read MoreEssay on E-Shopping837 Words   |  4 Pages E-Shopping Online shopping has impacted the economic, political and cultural development of the financial markets and the economy. Many consumers have been using the World Wide Web in order to purchase items. The computer technology has allowed consumers to use the internet to their convenience to shop. Online shopping has impacted the United States economy greatly. The impacts of online shopping have been advantageous as well as disadvantageous. The beneficial impacts of online shopping areRead MoreAn Investigation Of Online Shopping1621 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: An investigation of online shopping and how does it influence NTIC students’ daily life. Observations have shown that there has been a rapid development in an economic world. We have witnessed a tremendous change about shopping online. According to UCLA Center for Communication Policy (2001), online shopping has been regarded as the third most prevalent activity on the Internet, only followed by e-mail and website usage. It plays an important role, not only in retail stores, but alsoRead MoreOnline Shopping : Developing Countries1017 Words   |  5 Pagestransformed how retailers and buyers meet at the market place through physical and online purchases, distribution of products and services(Bashir, 2013). Although deemed to be a familiar channel for success and growth in developed countries, online shopping is still considered an innovation in developing countries like Tanzania (Mlelwa, 2015; Zaied, 2012) According to Katawetawaraks Wang(2011) online shopping has facilitated the presence of many foreign companies looking to boost their brandRead MoreOnline Shopping Vs. Store Shopping1489 Words   |  6 PagesOnline shopping vs in-store shopping Thesis: Online shopping is better than in-store one and will have more customers in the future. Since the internet came out and developed, online shopping has become important parts of many people. With the rapid development of the Internet in the world, more and more people began to start online shopping due to its convenience, time-saving and benefits. For the definition, Online shopping is an act of purchasing items or services on the Internet and has grownRead MoreOnline Shopping Is Important Parts Of Many People1468 Words   |  6 Pagesinternet came out and developed, online shopping has become important parts of many people. With the rapid development of the Internet in the world, more and more people began to start online shopping due to its convenience, time-saving and benefits. For the definition, Online shopping is an act of purchasing items or services on the Internet and has grown in popularity over years. Narrowly speaking, it can be understood as searching online information and having online deals. But broadly speaking, ifRead MoreOnline vs. Offline Marketin g Problem: Borders Bankruptcy Case707 Words   |  3 PagesBorders announced that it was filing for bankruptcy, the case became a high profile example of the online versus offline marketing problem. Borders faced intense competition both offline (from Barnes Noble) and online (from Amazon). It had failed to establish an online presence, and its offline business was not strong enough to sustain the company. Indeed, from 2001 to 2008 Borders had outsourced its online sales to Amazon, effectively handing many customers to its competitor (Lowrey, 2011). There wasRead MoreAn Outline for a Research on Oline Shopping Essay566 Words   |  3 Pagesstatement is that the area of online shopping needs to be thoroughly investigated from the perspective of trust of online sellers and consumer trust in online shopping. Rationale is that online shopping can be researched from many aspects one of which is consumer trust that is caused by multiple categories of trust. This research focuses on the most important category â€Å"the trust of online sellers† and its factors. 1.2. Research Questions †¢ What are the factors of trust of online sellers that influence

Negative Effects Of Social Class - 1154 Words

There are various stratifications or differences in our life, such as, cultures, religions, ages, experiences, and social classes. But most of all, social class affects the way we think about life. Because most people compare or judge the social class with other people and how the other half live. Also, according to age and social class, women live different style of living and it affect mood in their life. If social class is high-class, women’s life seems like rich and happiness. Also, young age of women seems like more active in their group. On the other hand, old age of women has small range of behavior and despondency in their life. Also, if social class is lower class, it pressure women’s life negatively. For that reason, when woman†¦show more content†¦In The Hollywood Reporter, â€Å"Sunny: Movie Review,† Maggie Lee insisted that seven girls clash with other gangs because they are wickedly funny, however, their friendship is wonderful because they spend the time and moment together. Therefore, young women have very active and not passive in society. Moreover, young women reveal their strong ambition and they can say anything in society because they are still young. Young women have not much high social standing; however, they care about social standing gradually because they expose the chance to rise in social standing. Young women have more chance to get into the world and they have possible to show ability in society. On the contrary, old women have some limits and restrictions on their proposal. For that reason, old women have a pressure from a social influence. In fact, people think old women that consider as second-class citizen and there is some discrimination. In the film, The Bacchus Lady, the protagonist is an old woman and she has not much active in society. It shows that there is still a grim sector in society where old woman is hard to live alone. There is still destitute and neglected to old women in our society . Old women’s life is pitiful and they live in dire poverty. In the film, the protagonist sells sex and it shows thoroughly miserable life as an old woman. In BBC NEWS, â€Å"The Korean Grandmothers Who Sell Sex,† Lucy WilliamsonShow MoreRelatedFalse Assumptions On The Poor Is Disrespectful982 Words   |  4 Pagesworld that deals with poverty fell disrespected because of negative comments said. The horrible stereotypes that are made about people who do not have it made like others. Many people take many things for granted. There are people in the world who do not have shelter, food, or water. These three are common to everyday necessities that people need for survival. It’s upsetting how people find it okay to think being low class is a joke and high class is way better. I believe that poverty is fixable, andRead MoreThe Social Factors Of A Young White Female Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesmiddle class is shrinking and there is an increasing gap between clas s levels. Technology is also creating another problem within society in regards to the socialization of children. But how do these social factors effect a young white female in a middle class family, who is attending a scholarly university? Social factors and issues impact many individual’s life chance’s, including, my own. Although social factors and issues effect some people more drastically than others, these effects can be bothRead MoreSocial Class And Its Effects On Health1336 Words   |  6 PagesAll over the world status hierarchy and social class are a common concept of how well we live our lives, however they affect our lives more than we think. Social class can affect many things such as education, opportunities presented to us, economic factors, and even our health. Recently socioeconomic status effects on health has become a more popular topic of discussion but is nothing new to researchers. â€Å"Research on socioeconomic inequalities in health in the UK has a long history. In the earlyRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1648 Words   |  7 Pages I’ve learned that everything that glitters ain’t gold. In my middle school days I’ve experienced the negative effects of social media, Now when I say social media, I’m referring to Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. By me being very active on social media I’ve been taunted, teased, threatened and harassed along with having low- self esteem and some suicidal thoughts . According to a recent study in the JAMA pediatrics, 23% of teens report they are or have been the target of cyberbullyingRead MoreThe Impact Of Technological Achievement On Society951 Words   |  4 Pagesfields of social activities from economics, to politics, culture. However, while technology plays an essential role as a foundation and motivation for industrialization and modernization, it still can cause certain negative impacts to all aspect of human beings, especi ally in the society we are living. Therefore, identifying expression and effect of technology is necessary so that we can determine solutions for promoting positive impacts; surmount the negative impacts of it. Although the effect of technologicalRead MoreThe Importance Of Stereotyping777 Words   |  4 PagesHow Negative Stereotypes can be Harmful A stereotype is a cognitive shortcut that allows the brain to make snap judgments based on immediately visible characteristics such as gender, race, or age (Bolton). It could often lead to incomplete assumptions about other people based on characteristics within a specific group of people. For example, the stereotype that girls are bad at math can lead to the suggestion that some innate difference between women and men leads to this discrepancy (Bolton)Read MoreThe Effects Of Technology On The Environment955 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence defending his opinionated reasoning. The written article therefore provides little effect to believing their cause. The author begins their argument by stating information about an individual who has done countless studies on how learning and technology coexist. However, the research stated is offered little background. It leads the reader to believe that the studies unquestionably proved negative effects of technology effecting learning behavior. The author declares that the studies were onRead MoreColor and Mood1595 Words   |  7 Pagesresults indicate that the manipulation of the color of questionnaire had no effect on mood. However, there was an effect of time of day on mood as well as an effect of gender on mood. The results did not support the main hypothesis that different colors would elicit different moods. Thus, this study found no support for the prediction that brighter colors would elicit positive moods, whereas less bright colors would elicit negative moods. These results do not support past research findings that brighterRead MoreThe Effect Of Media On Classism1484 Words   |  6 PagesBrittany A Brooks The Effect of Media on Classism University of Central Missouri â€Æ' The Effect of Media on Classism Class and the Media The United States was built on the concept of the American dream. The idea that anyone can achieve success if they just work hard enough and are determined enough is very lucrative. Unfortunately the American dream is not as obtainable as many think. 65% of children raised in the bottom fifth income bracket will remain in the bottom two brackets (Adams, et al., 2013Read MoreStratification And Inequality Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages(Miranda) Wu I am a quantitative sociologist broadly interested in three areas: 1) stratification and inequality; 2) immigration and globalization, 3) work and labor markets. Specifically, I focus on examining how class structure and migration patterns contribute to social inequalities and labor market outcomes. Also, I work on the themes of immigration, work and occupations in the United States. I am particularly interested in examining these processes in the urban context. Stratification

Accounting Theory and Contemporary Issues-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: How can the positive analyses in the process of accounting support the achievement of the numerous scientific purposes? How do the investigation of the hypothesis, surveillance in a specific pattern of research as recommended by Kuhn can help in rectifying definitely optimistic accounting? How the numerous aspects of ontology and epistemology can is impactful on the specific research program? Answers: Introduction The concerned study discovers the perilous evaluation of Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research, which is a journal article written by Paul V Dunmore. The concerned paper investigates the overall optimistic methodologies with respect to the study by considering accounting in the paper. In relevance, the current segment is a precipitate of the article, the research questions that have been established, the fundamental outline of the study, the restrictions and the importance of the article and a wholesome forecasting of the article that has been considered. This section explains the idea of positive accounting with respect to the base of the research that unrestrictedly tries to establish varying contributory descriptions of the attitude of human beings with regards to the accounting context. Additionally, the current research even evaluates the ontology and the epistemology of the research study (Deegan 2013). In particular, the foundation of the hypothesis diagnosis is discovered to be very feeble and this is seemingly comparable to the production process of Popper. The uncomplicated challenges comprise of the influential foundation of the differentiated fundamental models that needs to be scrutinized, dismissed dependency on the genuineness of the investigations of the hypothesis, no variations with regards to the statistics that are numerical limits that are diversified, inadequate imitations to ensure that there is assurance in the interpretations as well as making use of the principles and fundamentals to investigate the informati on that are qualitative rather than the descriptions (Jaggi 2015). Summary of the Article The paper that is taken into account is Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research, which analytically diagnoses the ontology and the epistemology of the specific researches that are deemed optimistic. The journal even imitates the process in which the current process of research that are relevant to accounting does not play with respect to the requirements for starting the assorted research mechanism accurately (Guan 2014). The scrutiny of the journal focuses on the optimistic components of the analysis that essentially tries to improve the several theoretical explanations of the attitude of human beings with respect to the accounting. Additionally, the journal even gives efficient examinations of the several factors that are behind a particular human attitude during the communications in vast business firms. It is seen that the communications among the employees are substituted with mechanisms that are not humanly in nature for obtaining the relevant data that are significant f or the decision making process for an industry. The journal discovers analysis that is serious in nature about the research projects that are theoretical in nature (Chiapello 2016). These projects have the quality of forecasts that are ontological and epistemological and identify insufficiencies that are related to a particular accounting research. This aids in limiting the use of optimistic participation to several large projects. The current journal again discovers the researches that are scientific in nature and within this time the theoretical enquiries are initiated for the process of research hypothesis foundation. The paper in the later part describes specifically the relevant happenings of the analysis that is found to be optimistic. The journal piece tries to highlight the crucial mechanisms of technical ontology and epistemology that shows the establishment of the hypothesis investigations and the explanations in the way in which the fundamentals are framed (Ball, Kothari and Nikolaev 2013). The next section of the paper discusses about the qualitative aspects of the researches that are optimistic in nature to discover the factors that sufficiently includes the improvement of the initial understanding of a specific incidence before starting the qualitative explanation process. It is seen that the surplus justification and purpose of starting the research that are qualitative is important for the review of the hypothesis (Engle and Hunton 2015). It is for this outcome that the rationale along with the restrictions of the established statistical conjectures is therefore scrutinized and the impact on the optimistic researches is even examined in full aspect. Furthermore, research journal research even wraps all the requirements of an efficient research program that is positive in nature that actually comprises of the inclined models that are properly examined, methodical numerical frame functioning, focusing on the establishment more over the investigations and the imitatio ns (Dyckman and Zeff 2014). The examination of the outcomes and the topic observations with respect to the research are aiding in obtaining an outcome that is critical and thus gives suggestions for starting the research that is positive and quantitative. The journal then explains the reasons that describe the factors behind the usefulness of it. The suggestions based on the revelations of the journal show that there is a necessity for improved fundamental models that are expertise and are exposed to time and thus it is considered as a crucial reason for accurate examination (Smith 2014). This reveals the sloth enhancement that is seen with respect to optimistic accounting journals and is considered to a straight result for utilization of the impromptu quantitative models that have the ability to reduce into an easy pronouncement of the estimated symbols of a connection between two different variables. Additionally, it is explained that the descriptive frameworks that comes out of the numerical analysis are not established accurately. The widespread evaluation of the outcomes that were determined reveals the knowledge that there is a need for improved inventory and thus making sure that the rationale structure can be investigated appropriately. Therefore, it is explained that the notions needs to be initiated by finding out the appropriate substitute for the assorted attractive mechanisms. The construction that are revealed later of the practicable route for the establishment of the mechanism and it refers to the particular technique that needs to be utilized as a platform in every studies that will be undertaken in future more than innovating a new process whenever a comparable researches are initiated (Gow, Larcker and Reiss 2016). Additionally, the evaluation of the outcomes advice changes of absorption through the process of examination of the hypothesis to properly forecast the limitations of the research. Within these situations, a relationship needs to be initiated with respect to the specifically assorted, fundamental predictions of the parameters with the interval confidence of the factors with respect to the specific disparate fundamental estimations of the challenges along with the several analogous constructions with the help of numerous research journals (Wilkinson and Durden 2015). Additionally, it is seen that a need for maintenance of the certification of the computation process with crucial origins that helps the analysis of specific papers and theories. The conclusion of the journal reveals that there is a need for all the functions that envelops for the validation of the final outcomes through the investigation of the hypothesis. Research Questions The questions that have been framed with respect to the particular research tries to: To examine perilously that the optimistic research programs that can be considered to be a wide notion rather than the journal that are in relation to positive accounting. To investigate perilously the level up to which a particular research accounting process that is positive in nature can support in gaining various scientific intentions. To evaluate the method with the help of which the descriptions of Kuhn of general sciences can find out the positive accounting in the procedure of achieving the forthcomings. To examine the path with the help of which numerous aspects of a particular ontology with the support of epistemology predictions can have an effect on the specific program of a research. Theoretical Model This section of the study explains the definite the fundamental structure of the research study especially with regards to the positive accounting theories. It is seen that as an outcome, it explicitly grows on the model and the structure that can help the total hypothetical concepts regarding the current work piece (Amir et al. 2016). The hypothetical structure by itself reveals the construction of the research issues of the current research journal and authenticates several conjectures with the understanding that are definite to this particular research topic that have been considered. Additionally, the hypothetical structure tries to limelight the features respective to the explanations about the ontology and the epistemology features that significantly are related with the factors for optimistic accounting (Christensen et al. 2015). The idea of accounting rotates around the concepts of losses incurred, expenses, sales profit, incomes and various others. The accounting theory howe ver, when observed from the ontological point of view replicates the idea that there are several probabilities in accordance to the practical survival that can be linked necessarily with the components of the theory of realism that has been detailed in the philosophy. There are numerous presumptions constructed on definite forecasting of ontology that are taken to be inadequate if the outcomes along with the accounting roles in an industry and the society that are explicitly considered (Rogers and Van Buskirk 2013). Therefore, it can be translated that an optimistic epistemology with the support from the ontology can be clear-cut and simultaneously are not unreasonable. Thus the optimistic evaluation undertaken for several social sciences branches requires estimating of the definite techniques that give in several inspections with regards to the properly constructed ideas that are underlying. Significance and Limitations of the Article The research paper taken into consideration supports in gaining extensive understanding about positive accounting from a viewpoint that is vast for a analysis process that tries to construct the definite causal relations of the human conducts in accordance to the setting of an accounts. The paper along with it goes in-depth within the philosophical research project that falls under the theoretical research that aids in understanding the factors as well as the effect on the interrelations (Everett et al. 2015). The study even tries to enhance the knowledge about specific theoretical analyses that are performed in several regions of social sciences like for instance in accounting and economics along with other specific areas and thus can be regarded as research that is positive. The paper finds out by utilizing numerous situations that ends the idea that the role of optimistic research is wider than the accounting positive theory. Additionally, the paper helps in gaining of knowledge regarding several concepts and theories for optimistic accounting researches (ODwyer and Unerman 2014). It is observed that the major outcomes comprise of the fundamental results but generally has the data that rounds up the coefficients that may not be translated that are linked to the several skeptical aspects that are not considered to be secure. There are various restrictions for the topic of the research. The main factor behind the investigation of the statistical hypothesis that is equivalent to the techniques to discover that it is fraudulent regarding Popper and thus is considered as weak (Ball 2013). The establishment of various causative structures that are examined in accordance with the constraints of the positive research accounting methods and therefore is vital for undertaking competent; aids towards the programs that are philosophical that are revealed in the paper. Furthermore, the explanations given by Kuhn are considered to be unessential. Conclusion The paper under consideration goes in-depth into numerous optimistic research epistemologies that observe several aspects of accounting techniques that might not be effective in fulfilling obligations of the concerned criteria that concludes when the work of the research is flourishing. The examination of the data and the outcomes aids in disclosure of the facts that there are several inspiring forms taking place from numerous examining outcomes that may not be diagnosed properly as they are not in a proper structure and are not constructed sufficiently. Thus, in accordance with the end result of the journal it can be said that there is a requirement for developed facts that can be systematically diagnosed. In accordance, the functions of positive research requires bringing in suggestions and transform the total focus from the investigation method and shift the computed research fundamentals as the importance of diabetic patients on a definite sample that may vary and therefore are n ot measured repeatedly. Furthermore, this section even constructs that are several processes that explains that there is a necessity to archive the information for the listing of innumerous ideas as well as replication for the justification of the end results that are observed from the evaluation of specific hypothesis, calculation efficiency and investigation of the execution of various research suggestions with respect to positive accounting. Reference List Amir, E., Carabias, J.M., Jona, J. and Livne, G., 2016. Fixed-effects in empirical accounting research. Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Ball, R., Kothari, S.P. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Econometrics of the Basu asymmetric timeliness coefficient and accounting conservatism.Journal of Accounting Research,51(5), pp.1071-1097. Chiapello, E., 2016. Critical accounting research and neoliberalism.Critical Perspectives on Accounting. Christensen, H.B., Lee, E., Walker, M. and Zeng, C., 2015. Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), pp.31-61. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dyckman, T.R. and Zeff, S.A., 2014. Some methodological deficiencies in empirical research articles in accounting.Accounting Horizons,28(3), pp.695-712. Engle, T.J. and Hunton, J.E., 2015. Retraction: The Effects of Small Monetary Incentives on Response Quality and Rates in the Positive Confirmation of Account Receivable Balances.AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(3), pp.201-201. Everett, J., Neu, D., Rahaman, A.S. and Maharaj, G., 2015. Praxis, Doxa and research methods: Reconsidering critical accounting.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,32, pp.37-44. Gow, I.D., Larcker, D.F. and Reiss, P.C., 2016. Causal inference in accounting research.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), pp.477-523. Guan, K., 2014. Corporate Growth, Audit Quality and Accounting Conservatism: Empirical Evidence from Public Companies in China.Journal of Accounting and Economics,5(005). Jaggi, B., 2015. RESEARCH IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING THEORY II (26: 010: 652) Fall 2015. ODwyer, B. and Unerman, J., 2014. Realizing the potential of interdisciplinarity in accounting research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(8), pp.1227-1232. Rogers, J.L. and Van Buskirk, A., 2013. Bundled forecasts in empirical accounting research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), pp.43-65. Smith, M., 2014.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Wilkinson, B.R. and Durden, C.H., 2015. Inducing structural change in academic accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,26, pp.23-36.

Epidemic of Diabetes Has Affected Millions Around- Free Samples

Question: How to Epidemic of Diabetes Has Affected Millions Around? Answer: Introduction The epidemic of diabetes has affected millions around the world and the work towards finding pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic ways to treat the metabolic disorder is ongoing. The role of exercise in conjunction with a controlled diet in improving the insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and improving overall health of type 2 diabetes is being understood. More physiological parameters have been studied and the impact of exercise on reducing obesity, inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and improving the lipid profile is being understood. The benefits of aerobic exercise have been known for long and the high expenditure of energy during aerobic exercise has made this mode popular. But research has found that resistance training offers significant advantage and a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training is now recommended to improve the glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients(Colberg, et al., 2010). The improvement in insulin sens itivity, and transport of glucose to the surface of the cell membrane improve import of glucose into the cell. The primary metabolic problem in type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and the ability of insulin to bind to its receptor and elicit glucose transport into the cell is hindered, thereby increasing fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels and glycated haemoglobin exceeds normal range of 5.0 to 6.0. If left uncontrolled, hyperglycemia causes vascular damage and leads to several complications. Therefore exercise provides better glycemic control by altering the physiological parameters for the better. Several markers of inflammation have been found to reduce as a consequence of exercise in animal and human studies (Jorge, et al., 2011). Oxidative stress is reduced and the generation of free radicals is not allowed to cause damage in tissues due to the antioxidant effect of exercise. Several studies on the physiology of exercise have found that it improves endothelial funct ion, reduces arterial stiffening and improves endothelial function. The maintenance of glycemic control, a normal lipid profile and reducing abnormalities related to blood pressure are the primary goals of a diabetes management program. Studies on the effects of physical exercise have shown that exercise provides these benefits through several physiological pathways and so exercise is highly recommended to achieve better glycemic control. The oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species can be reduced through the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines that are generated in response to exercise. The isometric contraction of skeletal muscles during resistance training improves the uptake of glucose and reduces oxidative stress. Glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes patients The mechanism of cellular glucose transport in type 2 diabetes patients is impaired. Exercise improves the uptake of glucose in skeletal muscles. Although levels of insulin may be normal or high in type 2 diabetes patients. But the insulin is not able to transport glucose to the cells due to the phenomenon of insulin resistance in tissues of the liver and skeletal muscle and the adipose tissue. Insulin resistance is a typical feature of impaired sugar metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The pancreas responds to the high blood sugar levels by increasing the secretion of insulin. There is a lot of evidence of the effect of exercise on the management of blood glucose levels and thereby the overall quality of life. Exercise results in weight loss as and is an additional benefit, lower glycated haemoglobin, better mobility and kidney function, lower triglyceride levels and reduced need for medication are important outcomes for a person with type 2 diabetes (Espeland, et al., 2014; Group., 2014). The complications of diabetes due to long term hyperglycemia include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiovacular disease among others. The goal of improving glycemic control not only reduces fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose levels, the risk of complications is also reduced. Following a low calorie diet and regular exercise with adherence to medication can help in improving blood glucose levels and the associated morbidities of hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients. A low grade chronic inflammation occurs due to release o f inflammatory cytokines from the adipose tissues. Exercise causes release of myokines from skeletal muscles which has been recently recognised to hve endocrine function and reduces the inflammation systemically. Various benefits of physical activity can reduce the damage caused by a sedentary lifestyle, which causes diabetes in many individuals. Role of exercise in improving insulin sensitivity Exercise is known to improve insulin sensitivity. The contraction of muscles during exercise causes activation of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase which in turn caused the glucose translocator protein, GLUT-4 to the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell. The acivation of the protein kinase occurs due to high calcium concentration in the cytoplasm or due to a high ratio of AMP to ATP in the cell which points at the fact that the energy status of the cell is challenged due to less influx of glucose into the cell. Exercise reduces inflammation by reducing the high sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor- (Jorge, et al., 2011). The effects of resistance training on increasing insulin sensitivity became evident only after 1990, before this, aerobic exercise was largely recommended. The effects of resistance training on reducing obesity, lowering HbA1c and reduction in systolic blood pressure have been proven to be beneficial in individuals with type 2 diabetes (Strasser, et al., 2010). Recommendations for resistance training to be done twice a week have benefits for patients with intraabdominal obesity and reduction in inflammation due to obesity. Although the expenditure of energy is greater in aerobic exercise, the benefits of resistnce training in reducing central adiposity make it necessary in the management of type 2 diabetes (Strasser, et al., 2012). A low grade systemic inflammation is associated with chronic diseases such as, diabetes. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis are understood to arise due to prolonged low grade inflammation. Regular physical exercise offers protection against non-communicable diseases and can be used for as part of treatement. Due to physical exercise, there is a release of several anti-inflammatory cytokines that protect the body from chronic non-communicable diseases of diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. It is now known that cytokines are produced by the skeletal muscles in response to exercise, these are referred to as myokines and the skeletal muscle is considered to be an endocrine gland that releases anti-inflammatory cytokines that provide beneficial effects on other tissues and organs. In patients with chronic disease, the low concentrations of C-reactive protein- an inflammatory marker, TNF- and IL-6 have been shown to be predictors of myocardial infarction. The origin of the TNF - is mainly the adipose tissue. TNF- is known to cause insulin resistance through an alteration in the signal transduction caused by insulin. It increases the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase, that of kinase-1/2 which is also regulated through an extrcellular signal and the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. There is a concomitant increase in serine phosphorylation accompanied by a lesser phosphorylation of the tyrosine of insulin receptor substrate-1. The phosphorylation of Akt substrate 160 was also impaired, this is the most proximal step to the insulin signalling cascade that reguates the translocation of GLUT-4 to the sarcolemma and is key to glucose uptake by cells(Mathur, et al., 2008). It has been shown that exercise helps in reducing inflammation. And since atherosclerosis is a consequence of vascular inflammation it may be reduced due to reduced inflammtion of the endothelial lining after prolonged adherence to exercise. When the balance between production of free radicals in the body and the endogenous antioxidants in the human body is disturbed, it can led to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes oxidative damage and may induce signalling pthways that are an outcome of the stress. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome are outcomes of oxidative stress. Exercise induced oxidative stress has been found to be beneficial effects. Production of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells helps in adaptation of muscle when exercise is performed through certain signalling pathways. The generation of certain reactive oxygen species during exercise is tied to some benefits of exercise. The free radicals produced during exercise can improve insulin sensitivity and cause prevention of type 2 diabetes onset. The effect of the reactive oxygen species generated during exercise is so important that it may be lost if antioxidant supplements are taken in t he form of vitmin C and vitamin E supplements, then the benefits of exercise in improving insulin sensitivity may be lost(Ristow, et al., 2009). Endurance exercise can reduce systemic oxidative damage and is known to improve the immune response and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that are a hallmark of obesity, even if weight loss does not occur. Exercise is non-pharmacological intervention that reduces inflammation (Samjoo, et al., 2013). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1 regulates substrate utilization as a consequence of exercise. The expression of contractile protein in muscle fibres of the skeletal muscle is controlled by Calcium ion dependent signalling pathways, NO, reactive oxygen species, AMPK, and p38 MPK and helps in angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The metabolic adptations of skeletal muscle triggered by PPAR gamma coactivator-1 also helps to improve insulin sensitivity in individuals who exercise (Lira, et al., 2010). It has been found that resistance training could be more effective in improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic profile as compared to aerobic exercise. The isometric contrctions that occur during resistance training mimic insulin and improve glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. Other benefits of using weights during exercise in repetitive motion involving the same group of muscles is that several physiological parameters such as, regional body composition, hypertension and increase in high density lipoprotein occur. The American Diabetes Assocition and the American Collegeof Sports Medicine have recommended resistance training with aerobic exercise for improvement in insulin activity. The benefits are not restricted to better glucose uptake by the skeletal muscles but help in managing blood pressure, treating dyslipidemia, reducing cardiovascular risk and a general improvement in quality of life by improvement in all the co-morbidities of type 2 diabetes(Suh, et al., 2011). Postprandial uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes is much less as compared to the 80% uptake in normal individuals. Even the capacity for oxidation of fat and glucose is much less among diabetics as compared to healthy counterparts. Resistance training increases the strength of muscles and muscle mass because of the muscular hypertrophy and remodelling of muscles at the neuromuscular level are induced. The pathway responsible for these changes in metabolism is the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase - Akt- mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. A long duration of resistance training over 9 months improves the uptake of glucose and fat substrate from muscle in persons with type 2 diabetes. The participants observed an increase in muscle mass of about 1.4 kg which is likely to have mediated the improvement in the muscle metabolism. The role of insulin signalling may also have played a role in better glycemic control and better substrate metabolism following t he sessions of resistance training over a long period. The molecular mechanism of better glycemic control operates through the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase(CaMK) II, it acts as a sensor for remodelling of muscle and calcium signalling in the cell. Histone decetylases are an important kind of transcription factors that leave the nucleus upon phosphorylation by CaMK II and in turn activate transcription factor MEF 2 (myocyte enhancing factor 2) which acts on its target genes- the peroxisome-proliferator-activted receptor-gamma coactivator1 alpha (PGC-1) and the glucose transporter,GLUT4 both of which play a role in improving glycemic control. Studies have also shown that whether the persons with type 2 diabetes perform resistance training or exercise training a higher number of training sessions provide more benefit than sessions that are more intense or are of a particular kind (Pesta, et al., 2017). The activation of PGC-1 and the FOXO1 (forkhead box protein O) triggers the o xidation of fatty acids, promotes the biogenesis of mitochondria and increases the antioxidant effects. The antioxidant effect is increased through superoxide dismutase through the rective oxygen species mediated signalling.There are other benefits- increased resting energy demand and a higher protein turnover in the muscles, these changes help in keeping the glucose uptake higher. Benefits of resistance training exercise in type 2 diabetes management are thus substantial. Lipid profile refers to the levels of various lipids in the blood that can vary when checked depending on several factors. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol and triglycerides are the lipids that are measured in blood as part of the lipid profile. Higher levels of LDL and triglycerides in the blood increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Very low density lipoprotein also raises cardiovascular risk even if the levels of LDL are within the normal range. Diabetes and dyslipidaemia are often observed in patients due to hyperglycemia. Aerobic exercise and resistance training are known to improve the lipid profile of patients with type 2 diabetes. Exercise can increase the ability of skeletal muscle cells to utilize lipids rather than glycogen as a source of energy.Activity of lecithin-cholestrol acyltrans is increased after exercise and the activity of the lipoprotein lipase is increased(Mann, et al., 2014). Regular aerobic exercise can increase the levels of HDL. Intense aerobic exercise is required to decrease the levels of LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides. Longer duration and more intense aerobic exercise can increase the activity of lipoprotein lipase. A combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training can cause improvements in the lipid profile.However two studies that investigated the impact of exercise on lipid profile for 4 and 6 weeks found that short duration of exercise does not lower the levels of lipids in type 2 diabetes patients (Aggarwala, et al., 2016; Gordon, et al., 2008). The blood vessels are lined on the inside with a thin layer of the endothelial cells that play a role in maintaining structure and regulation of vascular tension. Dysfunction of the endothelium increases the risk for atherosclerosis and for heart diseases.Nitric oxide bioavailability is necessary for the maintenance of the health and functions of the endothelial lining. The endothelial dysfunction is measured by the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and occurs in several cardiovascular diseases that include diabetes, hypertension, chronic heart failure and also atherosclerosis. Exercise, when done on a regular basis is beneficial because it promotes an increase in the number of smooth muscle cells and cells of the endothelium. This helps to expand the aortic vessels and an increase in arterial diameter follows. A larger number of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells increases the number of capillaries and improved outcomes in terms of vasculature are achieved. Exercise is known to im prove the bioavailability of nitric oxide and reduces destruction caused due to oxidative stress (Kwon, et al., 2011). In their study on the comparison of the effect of aerobic exercise and resistance training on the endothelial function among a group of Korean women with type 2 diabetes, Kwon et al. found that aerobic exercise was effective in improving endothelial function. The study was of a short duration lasting for 6 weeks. Cohen et al. studied the effects of progressive resistance exercise for 14 months on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients who underwent supervised an unsupervised programs. A string of correlation was found between HbA1c levels and endothelial function. Better glycemic control may therefore help in the long term improvements in endothelial function (Cohen, et al., 2008). It is possible to reduce the oxidative stress by engaging in physical exercise on a regular basis. The oxidative homeostasis of cells is positively affected as a consequence of exercise, because the basal level of oxidative damage is reduced and the cells become increasingly resistant to oxidative stress. Cellular damage is minimized as a result of the reduced oxidative stress. The intrinsic antioxidant potential of the cells increases as a result of physical exercise and there is much lesser DNA damage. The nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor Nrf-2 is an important transcription factor that is released in response to exercise in healthy and diabetic individuals and causes release of antioxidant enzymes in the cell. These effects occur upon moderate levels of exercise. Exhaustive exercise can have dmaging effects. Another important effect of exercise is the increase in the levels of maximal oxygen consumption VO2max and metabolic activity. This occurs due to repeated contraction of muscle when performing the exercise (de Lamos, et al., 2012). Exercise is also the cause for increase in levels of serum adiponectin. Adiponectin is a protein hormone and an adipocytokine that is secreted by the white adipose tissue. The anti-inflammatory action of adiponectin provides cardiometabolic benefits due to its regulatory effects on other factors, such as, TNF-, IL-6 and C reactive protein. The anti-inflammatory action of adiponectin has been shown to last for as long as 48 hours after a session of exercise. Adiponectin has properties that make it an effective antidiabetic, anti-inflammtory and anti-atherogenic molecule. The serum levels of adiponectin are lower in individuals with abdominal obesity and higher body mass index. Adiponectin promotes insulin sensitivity and inhibits the action of inflammatory molecules. It plays a role with insulin in inhibition of hepatic glucose production. It is also known to cause stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in cells of the skeletal muscle. Adiponectin that acts in response to exercise causes increase in levels of nitric oxide production and the AMP activated kinase. It plays a role in reducing C-reactive protein expression and IL-6. Inhibition of TNF- is also an effect of adiponectin secretion by white adipose tissue. It downregulates the expression of the adhesion molecules in the endothelium and inhibits the nuclear transcription factor signalling and reduces cytokine expression by macrophages and thus exhibits its anti-inflammatory effects(Simpson Singh, 2008). Plasma levels of adiponectin increase when there is weight loss as a result of diet. This causes an iprovement in insulin sensitivity and lower levels of the inflammatory markers. But when diet intervention is coupled with exercise, robust increase in adiponectin levels results. Reduction of fat mass that occurs as a result of the two simultaneous interventions is believed to play a role in the increase. Exercise also benefits patients with arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffening occurs as a consequence of ageing and may be seen in patients with dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and therosclerosis. The stiffenened arteries cause the systolic wave to reflect faster when it returns from the peripheral arteries of smaller diameter back to the heart and this augments pressure at the central aorta. This can lead to higher ventricular load and a reduction in coronary perfusion ensues that can lead to myocardial hypertrophy and ischaemia and even infarction. Arterial stiffness therefore is a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Stiffening of arterial walls largely occurs due to inflammation (Park Lakatta, 2012). The effect of aerobic exercise, resistance training and a combination of the two were studied by Ashor et al. to determine the best exercise intervention that can reverse arterial stiffening. Improvement in pulse wave velocity and augmentation index was observed. Lessened arterial stiffness was more evident in patients who had more stiffness and performed aerobic exercise for a longer duration of time. Though intense aerobic exercise yielded better outcomes than more frequent or long aerobic exercise interventions. Only resistance training or a combination of aerobic and resistance training did not yield better outcomes in terms of pulse wave velocity or augmentation index. Inflammation and oxidative stress(Patel, et al., 2011) are the main reasons that lead to arterial stiffening (Park Lakatta, 2012). Ageing is also associated with stiffening of vascular walls. But in individuals who continue to exercise, stiffening is not observed due to the anti-inflammatory benefits of exercise(Seals, et al., 2008). The stiffening occurs due to the breakdown of elastin and collagen deposition. Smooth muscle proliferation also results in the stiffening of walls. Constant exposure to cytokines and free radicals, lower levels of NO and a higher concentration of angiotensin, prostaglandins and endothelin cause progressive stiffening of vascular walls. It has been evidenced in animal studies that animals that were exercised has more elastin and less collagen than the animls who had not been exercised (Roque, et al., 2013). Exercise has antioxidant effects due to raised levels of superoxide dismutases and lower level of NADPH oxidase. Interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 are anti-inflammatory cytokines that are raised as a result of exercise and protect the arterial walls from stiffening(Teixeira-Lemos, et al., 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the onset of diabetes may be a consequence of sedentary lifestyles among modern populations around the world. The problems of insulin insensitivity and insulin resistance can be reveresed through proper diet and exercise. Physical exercise is a major intervention that can counter many of the physiological outcomes of hyperglycemia. The altered insulin signalling pathway in type 2 diabetes makes it difficult for cells to utilize glucose. Exercise reduces the chronic inflammation by release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The effect of inflammation due to TNF, C reactive protein causes severe damage and my even led to myocardial infarction. The production of myokines by the skeletal muscle after exercise counters the effects of imflammation and restores insulin sensitivity. Arterial stiffening, loss of endothelial function and the propensity for dyslipidemia due to hyperglycemia can be reveresed by exercise. Aerobic exercise has been known to alleviate arterial stiffening while resistance training did not provide benefit. Resistance training is now recommended with aerobic exercise to help in the management of type 2 diabetes. The isolateral contraction of muscles through repetitions of resistance training improve the insulin sensitivity. The increase in muscle mass also helps to increase glucose uptake in muscles. Adiponectin, a protein hormone released by white adipose tissue in response to exercise is responsible for bioaugmentation of nitric oxide and causes production of AMP kinase. It reduces the production inflammatory markers TNF and C-reactive protein. Exercise also benefits because it increases the production anti-inflammatory enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases and causes a decrease in NADPH. Intense bouts of exercise offer some physiological gains while frequent and prolonged exercise sessions provide other benefits. Cells improve in the maintenance of overall oxidative homeostasis and the chances of oxidative dama ge of DNA and other cellular components is reduced. Mitochondrial biogenesis is another favourable outcome of physical exercise, it is particularly important because loss of mitochondria in skeletal muscle fibres reduced the capacity of cells to generate energy. The several advantages of exercise in improving physiological parameters and even curing dyslipidemia and hypertension besides other co-morbidities of type 2 diabetes makes it an indispensable interventio References Aggarwala, J. et al., 2016. Effects of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels and lipid profile. Al Ameen journal of medical sciences, 9(1), pp. 65-69. Cohen, N. et al., 2008. Improved endothelial function following a 14-month resistance exercise training program in adults with type 2 diabetes.. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 79(3), pp. 405-11.. Colberg, S. et al., 2010. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes care, 33(12), p. e147e167.. de Lamos, E., Oliviera, J., Pinheiro, J. Reis, F., 2012. Regular physical exercise as a strategy to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status: benefits in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, p. doi:10.1155/2012/741545. Espeland, M. et al., 2014. Impact of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Use and Cost of Medical Services Among Overweight and Obese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: The Action for Health in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 37(9), pp. 2548-2556. Gordon, L. et al., 2008. Effect of exercise therapy on lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 8(21), pp. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-8-21. Group., L. A. R., 2014. Effect of a long-term behavioural weight loss intervention on nephropathy in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial.. The Lancet: Diabetes and endocrinology, pp. 2(10):801-9.. Jorge, M. et al., 2011. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 60(9), pp. 1244-1252. Kwon, H. et al., 2011. Effects of Aerobic Exercise vs. Resistance Training on Endothelial Function in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes and metabolism journal, 35(4), p. 364373.. Lira, V., Benton, C., Yan, Z. Bonen, A., 2010. PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity.. American journal of physiology, metabolism and endocrinology, 299(2), pp. E145-61. Mann, S., Beedie, C. Jimenez, A., 2014. Differential Effects of Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Training and Combined Exercise Modalities on Cholesterol and the Lipid Profile: Review, Synthesis and Recommendations. Sports medicine, 44(2), p. 211221.. Mathur, N Pedersen, B., 2008. Exercise as a mean to control low-grade systemic inflammation. Mediators of inflammation, p. doi:10.1155/2008/109502. Park, S. Lakatta, E., 2012. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness.. Yonsei medical jounal, 53(2), pp. 258-61.. Patel, R. et al., 2011. Oxidative stress is associated with impaired arterial elasticity.. Atherosclerosis, 218(1), pp. 90-5.. Pesta, D. et al., 2017. Resistance training to improve type 2 diabetes: working toward a prescription for the future. Nutrition and metabolism, 14(24), pp. DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0173-7. Ristow, M. et al., 2009. Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans.. PNAS, 106(21), pp. 8665-70. Roque, F. et al., 2013. Aerobic exercise reduces oxidative stress and improves vascular changes of small mesenteric and coronary arteries in hypertension.. British journal of pharmacology, 168(3), pp. 686-703. Samjoo, I. et al., 2013. The effect of endurance exercise on both skeletal muscle and systemic oxidative stress in previously sedentary obese men.. Nutrition and diabetes, Volume 3, p. e88. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2013.30.. Seals, D., Desouza, C., Donato, A. Tanaka, H., 2008. Habitual exercise and arterial aging.. Journal of applied physiology, 105(4), pp. 1323-32. Simpson, K. Singh, M., 2008. Effects of Exercise on Adiponectin: A Systemtic Review. Obesity, Volume 16, pp. 241-256. Stanford, K. Goodyear, L., 2014. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Advances in Physiology Education, 38(4), p. 308314.. Strasser, B., Arvandi, M. Siebert, U., 2012. Resistance training, visceral obesity and inflammatory response: a review of the evidence.. Obesity reviews, 13(7), pp. 578-91.. Strasser, B. Pesta, D., 2013. Resistance Training for Diabetes Prevention and Therapy: Experimental Findings and Molecular Mechanisms. Biomed research international, p. 2013: 805217.. Strasser, B., Siebert, U. Schobersberger, W., 2010. Resistance training in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of resistance training on metabolic clustering in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism.. Sports medicine, 40(5), pp. 397-415.. Suh, S. et al., 2011. Effects of Resistance Training and Aerobic Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Korean Adolescents: A Controlled Randomized Trial. Diabetes and metabolism journal , 35(4), p. 418426.. Teixeira-Lemos, E., Nunes, S., Teixeira, F. Reis, F., 2011. Regular physical exercise training assists in preventing type 2 diabetes development: focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.. Cardiovascular diabetology, 10(12), pp. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-12.. Vinetti, G. et al., 2015. Supervised exercise training reduces oxidative stress and cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, p. doi:10.1038/srep09

Hower House Essay Example

Hower House Essay Hower House is a Victorian Second Empire Italianate Mansion; it was built in 1871 by architect Jacob Snyder.The home belonged originally to John Henry Hower and his wife Susan.The house was occupied by the Howers and there descendants until 1793 when it was donated to the University of Akron by Grace Hower Crawford.The time that was represented by the Hower House was 1871 to around 1973.Some facts I learned were that the fireplaces in the Hower House are actually stone and just appear to be marble or wood.The fireplace that looked like it was wood was very interesting because its impossible to have actually wooden fireplace because it would catch fire.In the era of the Hower House a persons wealth was dependant on how many rooms there house had in it.The Hower House has 28 rooms.Most houses of the era didnt have a closet in the bedrooms because the government counted closets as rooms and taxed people if they had them.The Hower House has a closet in every bedroom because the family wa s rich enough to afford such amenities.I also learned what an actual Griffin is (and not just someone who goes to Buchtel).A Griffin was a gargoyle like creature that was half eagle and half lion.The house had statues of Griffins that were used as table legs and such.Another fact I learned was that most of the furniture and a decorative pieces in Hower House came from places outside the U.S.The Howers loved to travel and collect goods from all over the globe.My guide also showed me a steep set of stairs that led to the top of the towers.She claimed that on a clear day you could see Cleveland but also added that she never went to the top of the Tower because she wasnt allowed.I thought that was interesting because I knew the house was big but I didnt think it was that big. I learned that people who lived at during this time did basically the same things we do but it was

The impact of the decision on the social work profession The WritePass Journal

The impact of the decision on the social work profession Introduction The impact of the decision on the social work profession ). Although it was concluded that a serious error in professional judgment was a leading cause to the death of the infant, it was mentioned repeatedly that there was a staffing problem in the department at the time and as a result, an overburdened caseload. This is not a novel argument as it has been noted in a number of reports that under staffing and over burdening, coupled with a number of other issues, is a leading cause of failure to satisfy demand for social work cases (The Lord Laming, 2009; BASW, 2012; Munro, 2011). If one takes this further in light of policy objectives, surely these failures cannot be attributed then to the individual social welfare professional. Every Child Matters called for institutional accountability for failure to protect children which involves cross-organisational cooperation and communication. The failure therefore of social welfare professionals as a result of an overburdened caseload should be attributed to the organization that they represent, u nless there is clear evidence of professional negligence or an error in professional judgment. By failing to take account of organizational failure in these SCR one is declining to account for these resource constraints which may be described as the root cause of these failures. Until these causes are therefore addressed, the problems and failures will continue to surface and in turn, the policy objectives and sought outcomes identified by Every Child Matters will not be met. Since the decision of Baby P. it has been reported that there are thousands more children taken into care. The effect of the Baby P. decision has essentially had a chilling effect on the occupation of social workers, as now there is a much lower threshold for intervention in the lives of vulnerable children at risk of neglect and abuse (Butler, 2012). The effect that the case has had on public awareness has also raised a standard of care for children, and generally there has been a greater concern for the wellbeing of children (Flannigan, 2012). Despite this increased concern, a lower threshold for intervention and an increased awareness as a result of the Baby P. case, there has still been a 58% increase in the workload of social welfare professionals since the decision in that case, with reports of many professionals leaving the profession entirely due to the unrealistic workload (Ibid). It can be argued therefore that there has been a disproportionate effect on the profession whic h is severely impacting the efficiency of those professionals. On one hand, there has been a greater diligence with regards to child care because of the decision, clearly there has been a chilling effect on these social workers, however this has not been proportionately dealt with by the allocation of additional resources to handle the excess workload. This has been noted in the media, where the increased vigilance has been commended, however with a warning that there are further budget cuts in the near future making it unlikely that local councils will be able to meet the current demand on the system (Butler, 2012). This is particularly troubling as prior to the decision in Baby P. there were already concerns over the workload of social welfare professionals. The reality of working across organizational boundaries and cultures presents significant difficulty to all parties involved, not least of which is the heavy administrative burden that is placed on these individuals (The Lord Laming, 2009). Indeed, certain professionals have been cited as saying that they have little time to do home visits at all, because of this heavy administrative burden (BASW, 2012). The extent to which this affects the profession has even prompted BASW to call for local government intervention by assigning administrative staff to handle these administrative responsibilities in order to allow social welfare professionals to get on with their work that they were employed and trained to do. There is a continued argument that these professionals are not afforded the opportunity to do their work, because of the presence of alternative duties that carry sanction for a failure to comply with. Whilst these administrative duties are arguably necessary due to the intricat e nature of the work involved, burdening social workers with these responsibilities clearly is not having the intended effect. The lack of support and resources again has prompted third sector parties, such as BASW to call for simplification of role of social welfare professionals in order for them to get on with their jobs. The evolution of the social welfare profession into a bureaucratic monster is linked to the problem of administrative burden and under staffing. A paper trail of administrative documentation demonstrating compliance with the required procedures has become the primary means of accountability (Munro, 2011). Not only does this increase the administrative burden, or indeed constitute the large majority of that burden, it also blurs lines of accountability. In the same way that most industry has line managers and channels of accountability to ensure effective work performance, so too is this necessary in the social welfare profession in order to run effectively. Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards (DfES, 2010), the Director of Children’s Services and other key figures in local authority and partner organizations need to be identified for these professionals in order to account effectively. Without these clear lines of accountability, serious cases and review of circumstances will b e lost in this bureaucratic process between professionals (Munro, 2011). The need for reform in this area of the public sector is very apparent and the implementation of correct monitoring and review systems would be likely to avoid situations resulting in SCR. It is arguable that if there had been better communication and reporting structures in the case of Peter Conolly, the error in professional judgment attributed to the social workers would have been entirely avoided as the case would be reviewed by other professionals. A major concern in the attainment of policy objectives for the protection of children is the rising concern about the unqualified practice of social workers. Simply put, there is a growing consensus that the training provided coupled with the lack of support given and the intense bureaucracy of process, is wholly inadequate (BASW, 2012). A large percentage of social welfare professionals feel that the training provided did not adequately prepare them for the realities of working in the profession and further that unqualified professionals are being employed to attempt to fill staffing vacancies, however these professionals are not adequately trained, but hired as a cheaper alternative. Further highlighted was the idea that the dominance of prescribed administrative tasks is also inhibiting the further knowledge acquisition by staff (Munro, 2011). The attempt by the state to simplify the criteria and standards of judgment has had the effect of disallowing independence of these profess ionals in this industry and this in turn has inhibited performance.   It is therefore the recommendation of Munro (2011) that continued professional development is highly necessary, as well as a review of initial training. Conclusion It is clear that the government and third sector parties involved have a clear objective and mission statement for social welfare practices nationally. There is a very clear agenda to eradicate occurrences of abuse and non-accidental death such as those of Victoria Climbià © and Peter Conolly. The Lord Laming report (2009) highlights the successes of this area, however also the grave failures. The realization of these objectives and therefore full realization of children’s right is severely hampered by what can be summarized as budgetary or resource constraints. The intense overburdening, lack of staffing, assumption of excessive administrative duties and lack or inadequacy of training is all knock-on effects of severe resource restriction. The conclusion therefore is that the decision to dismiss social workers in a case such as Peter Conolly will more often than not be a case of lack of support for these social workers leading to errors with fatal consequences. It seems to b e an unfair burden on these professionals to hold them to account, when in reality it is an institutional failure that need be addressed. The impact of the Baby P. decision has increased the workload of these professionals whilst holding them to a higher standard of professional vigilance, without additional support in an already overburdened profession. This has had a positive effect on the care standards for children, however a significantly detrimental effect on the social workers themselves. The social workers therefore should not individually be held to account, but rather a professional failure of the institution. By ignoring the cause of these professional failures one is doing a great harm to the morale in the profession as highlighted by published statistics on the matter (BASW, 2012). Unfortunately, social welfare is evolving into a thankless task as there is great expectation on these professionals, however little support to encourage or motivate them. Until such time as these constraints are reviewed and the departments reformed, fatalities such as Peter Conolly will continue to be an occupational hazard. The evolution of policy prioritizing the rights of children is impressive to say the least, however without correct implementation of measures to realize these policy objectives, these goals may never be reached. The current burden on these professionals is unreasonable in the circumstances and ironically the quest to end abuse against children has led to a professional abuse in the social welfare profession generally. References Reports Butler, P. (2012) Thousands more children taken into care in wake of Baby Peter case The Guardian [online] (Last updated 25 May 2012 18.28) Available on: guardian.co.uk/society/2012/may/25/children-in-care-baby-peter [Accessed 19 July 2012] Christou Ward v London Borough of Haringey [2012] UKEAT 0298_11_2505 Flannigan, A. (2012) Baby Peter Connellys Anniversary: Five Years on Is the UK Safer for Children? The Huffington Post [online] (Last updated 2 February 2012 17:57) Available on: huffingtonpost.co.uk/andrew-flanagan/baby-peter-connelly-uk-safe-children_b_1727255.html [Accessed 19 July 2012] Haringey Local Safeguarding Childrens Board, 2009 (Serious Case Review ‘Child A’) (ref: March 2009) London: Department for Education The British Association of Social Workers, 2012 (The State of Social Work 2012) (Ref: 15/05/2012) London: sn The Department for Education, 2004 (Every Child Matters: Change for Children) (DfES/1081/2004) London: Department for Education The Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010 (Working Together to Safeguard Children: A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children) (DCSF-00305-2010) London: Department for Education The Department for Education, 2011 (The Munro Review of Child Protection: Final Report, A child centred system) (ref: May 2011) London: Department of Education The House of Commons: The Lord Laming, 2009 (The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report) (ref: 15 March 2009) London: The Stationary Office Legislation International Conventions The Adoption and Children Act 2002 The Children and Adoption Act 2006 The Childrens Act 1989 The Childrens Act 2004 The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 The European Convention of Human Rights 1950 The European Convention on the Exercise of Children Rights 1996 The Human Rights Act 1998 The United Nation Convention on the Rights of a Child

The Effects of American Imperialism on Native Americans Essay

The Effects of American Imperialism on Native Americans - Essay Example This essay analyzes that after the war between Indian and French national ended in present America, Britain designed an effective system of governance. The colony had to tighten control on the American territory. In response to this need, the British government provided various policies. The federal government in the present United States of America had to inculcate the aspect of nationalism on the Natives. One of the policies related to nationalism for the Natives of America was the Snyder Indian Citizenship Act. This Act came into effect in the year 1924. The basic principle of the act was to assimilate Indians and other natives into the American culture.  This essay analyzes that after the war between Indian and French national ended in present America, Britain designed an effective system of governance. The colony had to tighten control on the American territory. In response to this need, the British government provided various policies. The federal government in the present Un ited States of America had to inculcate the aspect of nationalism on the Natives. One of the policies related to nationalism for the Natives of America was the Snyder Indian Citizenship Act. This Act came into effect in the year 1924. The basic principle of the act was to assimilate Indians and other natives into the American culture.  The U.S during the nineteen century was influenced towards expanding it territories westwards. Concerning the expansion, the government would have to occupy territories owned by native tribe communities.

E-mail Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-mail Communication - Essay Example The e-mail content should be brief and concise and should address the subject content. The subject message should also be able to inform recipients of what the e-mail is about. It is recommended to indicate the response that receiver should take and senders should state their contact details to allow receivers to respond with ease. For formal e-mails, it is good to make a habit of using spell checkers before hitting the 'send' button and double-checking the e-mails are being sent to the correct recipient. When sending attachments, it is good to inform recipients when the file size is very large as this takes up a lot of space and may cause other e-mails to bounce back or result in errors in sending. Files should also be sent in a format that the recipient is able to open. Users must refrain from mass forwarding e-mails because chances are, these will be filtered and end up in the junk folder. Spam e-mails can also flood the recipient's inbox unnecessarily.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example – and realize the important link between leadership and success/failure in the chosen path. Hence, I believe that training in the theoretical aspects of personal leadership development would enhance the chances of my success in post-academic life. I define success as a continuing phenomenon of setting goals and achieving them, with each succeeding goal being higher or nobler than the preceding one. Success is a relative term as well, in the sense that it is as much a feeling of self-satisfaction as the recognition that one gains in an organization or society at large. I place great importance on personal probity, teamwork, participation in peripheral fields of activities etc. as the means to achieve success and recognition. Ideally, I wish to work for any organization that reflects my personal beliefs in order that I contribute to it with full sense of participation, and grow along with it. This means that the (your last name) 2 organization must have a good track record of co rporate responsibility, well-respected by the society and enable its employees to blossom to their fullest capabilities. My profession as a retail manager should see me gaining hands-on experience in the initial years, followed by managing teams of juniors in three to five years time and ultimately setting up and running my own business unit in about 8 to 10 years after graduation. Assessing my leadership qualities Without assigning any priority, I consider the following self-assessment assignments as being very useful and revealing: Motivation to lead, Emotional intelligence, Participatory leadership attitude, Leader-member exchange, Self-confidence and Generalized self-efficacy. It is not that I have scored above average in my self-assessment exercises in these fields – rather, the exercises revealed to me my strengths as well as weaknesses. Knowing one’s weaknesses is the first step in learning ways to overcome them. My goals and aspirations as mentioned earlier wou ld demand that I learn to work in a team as a member, build a team and provide leadership to it in due course, handle difficult situations with a balanced approach, and be self-confident and efficient. These are the reasons for me to consider the six selected factors as the most helpful and relevant to my situation. Motivation to lead: I have scored †¦ , taken as the average on the individual dimensions of this exercise like identity-based motivation, noncalculative-based motivation and social normative-based motivation. The exercise helped me to appreciate the vital link between my ambitions and the practical world of dealing with people and their own motivations. Individual scores reflect the gap between what it takes to be a good leader and my present state of (your last name) 3 preparedness to assume leadership role in the real world. My medium-term and long-term goals provide the motivation for me to lead. If I have to realize the aspiration of owning a business in the l ong-term and achieve a measure of success, I should be a good leader to motivate those working for me to contribute their best. Emotional intelligence: I have scored †¦ , taken as the average on the individual dimensions of this exercise, comprising expression, thinking, knowledge and regulation. Having a different level of intelligence from team members, whether higher or lower, is immaterial so long as one can exercise intelligence with prudent emotion. I am certain to

Metabolic Syndrome and Depression in Police Officers

Metabolic Syndrome and Depression in Police Officers Laurie Cyr-Martel Introduction Approximately 780,000 sworn police officers are accounted for in the United States, (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor 2014) and one out of eight officers are female. (U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Justice Statistics 2007) The literature also supports that law enforcement is one of the most demanding professions in our country. (Marmar, C., McCaslin, S., Metzler, T., Best, S., Weiss, D., Fagan, Nelan,T. 2006: Gershon, R., Barocas, B., Canton, A., Li, X., Vlahov, D., 2009 : Wang, Z., Inslicht,S., Metzler, T., Henn-Haase, C., McCaslin , S., 2010) The general public’s perception is in direct conflict with the reality of those who wear the badge to protect and serve. The media either sensationalizes the profession or degrades the profession dependent on the situation. Men and woman place themselves in harm’s way for the protection of their communities while compromising their own emotional and physical health. The police academy does not prepare the offic er for the misery and sorrow encountered once they graduate, nor are they prepared for how the occupation will effects their mind and body. Exposure to human tragedy, trauma, violence, lack of support both personally and professionally can increase the stress the officer’s experience. The cumulative effect of stress within law enforcement can exacerbate underlying physical and behavioral conditions. Physical presentations appear as high blood pressure, increased glucose levels, chest pains and obesity, a condition liken to Metabolic Syndrome. Behavioral conditions present as anger, rage, irritation, bad moods or resentment. Working with police officers for the past fourteen years, eight of them on the street in uniform, allowed a unique perspective regarding their emotional and physical health. Literatures linking physical (metabolic syndrome) and behavioral (depression) conditions for the law enforcement population, although published, are limited. The following review of th e literature will attempt to provide an overview of Metabolic Syndrome and depression and how this might relate to those in law enforcement. Literature Review Definition Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) is a condition distinguished by several health issues that when placed together are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, possible organ damage, and even mortality. (Han Lean 2011: Suls, J., Bunde J. 2005) These include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and obesity. To review and determine the correlation more closely, studies throughout the literature use various biometrics. These include; measuring waist circumference, allowing a difference for centimeters for men and women, measuring the individual’s blood pressure, and monitoring fasting blood glucose. MetSyn is also referred to as a â€Å"cluster of anthropological and biochemical abnormalities that predispose an individual to coronary artery disease.† (Grundy, Brewer, Cleeman, Smith Lenfant, 2004) Although various definitions are found throughout the literature, a universal definition that every author, discipline, or diagnostician can agre e upon was not found. When a patient presents with at least three out of the five risk factors listed below, a diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome can be made. (Thayyil, Jayakrishnan, Meharoof, Cheremanalil, J.2012) Regardless of a the differences among those definitions, the medical community agrees that if identification of MetSyn is diagnosed early, the practitioner can include preventative measures for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardio Vascular disease. (Huang 2009) One of the reasons this Syndrome is important to both the medical and behavioral sciences is that it would allow the medical practitioner to focus on the underlying medical concerns such as Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease. Although these are medical diagnosis, the behavioral interventions might alleviate further medical compromise. Metabolic Syndrome and the Police Officer Literature supports the link between MetSyn and the law enforcement population. (Hartley, Knox, Fekedulegn, Barbosa-Leiker, Violanti, Andrew Burchfiel 2010). What is known in the world of medicine and psychology is that various psychological presentations such as anxiety and depression are presumed as associated risk factors to diseases encompassed in Metabolic Syndrome. (Hartley et al., 2010; Toker, Shirom Melamed. 2008; Skilton, Moulin, Terra, Bonnet. 2007; Kahl, Greggersen, Schweiger, Cordes, Balijepalli , Lo ¨sch, Moebus,S. 2012 ) MetSyn is considered an important cardiovascular risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. However, variations due to socioeconomic status, environmental, professional, spiritual, and cultural and ethnicity must be considered. An evaluation of 900 officers found 16.8% or 138 officers were found to have MetSyn. (Thayyil et al., 2012 ) Although the study was conducted in India, the conclusion and relevance to police work in general provided information relevant to MetSyn. MetSyn has more connections to health for the officer than just running the risk of experiencing a heart attack. Hypertension, dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids in the blood), impaired glucose tolerance and obesity are all key elements of MetSyn. (Austin-Ketch, Violanti, Andrew, Hartley, Vena, J. 2010). As previously stated many factors are inherent in police work. Shift work is a contributory factor to the physical and psychological health of the officer and has been linked to MetSyn. Officers at higher risk for MetSyn and had a significant number of the components for MetSyn were officers who obtained six hours of sleep or less and worked shifts referred to as midnight shifts. (Violanti, J.,Burchfiel, C., Hartley, T., Mnatsakanova, A., Fekedulegn, D., Andrew, M., . . . Vila, B., 2009) Sleep deprivation also presents in the literature as increasing an individual’s risk for cardiovascular disease and various metabolic dysfunctions and is a common denominator in shift work. (Rajaratnam, S., Barger, L., Lockley, S., Shea, S., Wang, W., Landrigan, C., . . . Czeisler, C. 2011) It is important to identify officers at risk for MetSyn. Without identification, prevention and intervention would not occur. Depression and the Police Officer A 12 month study of 119 from four different departments, New York Police Department, and three departments in California took into account not only demographic variables, but baseline depression symptoms using the, child hood trauma, using the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report—Short Form to assess experience of childhood trauma before 18 years of age, The NEO Five-Factor Inventory used to assess neuroticism. The officers self-worth was also assessed using The World Assumptions Scale to determine the officers understanding and perception of how he relates to the world around him. After twelve months the officers were then given the Beck Depression scale, a self-inventory PTSD check list, a critical incident exposure questionnaire, and Life Experiences Survey to assess the negative effects of life changes in the twelve months, and the Work Environment Inventory to assess work stress. The study proposes that the longer the officer is â€Å"on the job† the more likely they are to experience moderately high depressive symptoms and partly sovereign from PTSD. (Wang Inslicht Wang, Z., Inslicht,S., Metzler, T., Henn-Haase, C., McCaslin , S., 2010) Metabolic Syndrome and Depression in the Police Officer Several pieces of literature support the association of MetSyn with depression. (Kahl, , Greggersen, Schweiger, Cordes, Balijepalli, Lo ¨sch, Moebus, 2012; Goldbacher, Bromberger, Matthews, 2009; Toker,S.,Shirom, A., Melamed,S. 2008: Skilton, M., P., Moulin, Terra, J., Bonnet, F. 2007 ). An increased occurrence in cardiovascular risk, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), and hypertension was also presented in the literature when comparing depression and MetSyn. (Skilton et al.,2007) An emergent body of evidence suggests if an individual is diagnosed with depression, this should be considered an important risk factor for MetSyn. Furth more, if a major depressive disorder was present throughout their life, they were at greater risk to develop MetSyn. (Butnoriene, J., Bunevicius, A., Norkus, A., Bunevicius, R. 2014) Another contributory factor to MetSyn is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis might also lead to underlying association for MetSyn an d depression. When an officer reacts to a threat, the heart rate increases, pupils dilate to allow our visual perspective to widen, blood pressure rises as adrenaline causes the constriction of blood vessels which in turn increases pressure. We know that cortisol‘s main attribute is to increase energy to the body for survival. When the HPA is activated for survival, prolonged activation of the HPA can be a health risk. Cortisol antagonizes insulin. This might indicate to us that if the cortisol levels remain high, the pancreas –which secretes insulin would struggle to respond to the bodies demand for the insulin. If the glucose levels do not decrease, the cells in our body would not obtain the sugar they need. Thus, when cortisol patterns are no longer normal, and the HPA axis is constantly challenged and prolonged, individuals risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and even depression would be increased. (Violanti, Burchfiel Dorn, 2009) Literature further revi ewed MetSyn and the psychological characteristics that might exacerbate CVD and T2D. When depressed patients present with HPA hyperactivity, there is associations with a multitude of psychological characteristics, such as anxiety and anger. Furthermore, those with high cortisol who were depressed were more likely to have been diagnosed with MetSyn. (Goldbacher Matthews 2007) The general public has a view that most officers are young and healthy, and cannot comprehend the reason the officer would present with physical or emotional problems. Research is now proving what many of us within the law enforcement world knew for a very long time, the occupation compromises physical and emotional well-being. The literature points to one of the first cohesive studies that correlates physical and emotional health. Several tools used in the study reviewed both physical health and depressive signs and symptoms. The Buffalo Cardio Metabolic Occupational Stress Study or commonly known as BCOPS was provided to assess the physiological and psychological ramifications of the stress the officer encounters. Measuring the depressive symptoms was accomplished by using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. The MetSyn was based on the guidelines provided by the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. The latitude given was much higher than listed above in the initial table which is from 2012. The individual MetSyn components included the following: (1) abdominal obesity (gender-specific waist circumference ≠¥102 cm in males, ≠¥88 cm in females), (2) hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≠¥ 130mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≠¥ 85mmHg, (3) reduced HDL-C (gender-specific fasting HDL-C 40mg/dL in men, 50mg/dL in women, (4) elevated triglycerides (fasting triglycerides ≠¥ 150mg/dL, and (5) glucose intolerance (fasting serum glucose ≠¥ 100mg/dL, or reported treatment for diabetes. MetSyn was conside red present in individuals with three or more components.} Although differences in age, education and length of employment were present, similarities were present. MetSyn and depressive symptoms were significantly associated. (Hartley et al., 2010) As indicated earlier in this review, more men than women enter the profession of law enforcement. (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2007) Gender may play an important factor in this comorbidity in police work. The literature indicated that for women, depression might lead to MetSyn, but further study is needed. (Toker et al., 2007) Intervention It is important to identify those officers who might be at risk in order to implement prevention strategies. Once the comorbidities are identified, it is paramount to intervene and present the officer with resources that are cost effective, efficient and solution focused. Literature supporting intervention and treatment programs for the comorbidity of Metabolic Syndrome and depression in police officers is limited. The literature does advise that building an effective training protocol within departments, would provide the competencies needed when the officer faces stressors, thereby preventing the officer from detrimental psychological and physiological effects. Aarnetz, B., Arble, E., Backman., Lynch, A., Lublin., A.,(2013) Motivational interviewing is another modality listed in the literature to address and change officers behaviors that will presumably lead to healthier outcomes. (Anshel, M., Kang, M. 2008) The literature supporting treatment programs for this population within t he New England area is limited. Treatment programs that are in existence for this population are aimed at psychotherapy rather than treatment for co-morbid presentations. (Berard, 2012) The creation and implementation of a population health management program for law enforcement would impact health care policy. When a police department has a partnership with a health program which treats a chronic condition, adding another component of the officer’s wellness might be added at a reasonable cost. If the program has a direct impact on the officers health care cost, the Population Health Management program our yield a return on their investment into the program. Grossmeier, J. , Terry, P. , Anderson, D. , Wright, S. 2012) Conclusion Metabolic syndrome and depressive presentations could be the precursor to a multitude of health concerns, but especially Type 2 diabetes and cardio vascular disease. Diagnosis of this co-morbid condition would lead to intervention and preventative health and wellness programs within police departments. When one has the opportunity to glimpse into the â€Å"thin blue line† as it is referred to – one realizes that not all police departments speak openly about the officers’ health and wellness. There are gyms on premises, EAP (Employee Assistance Programs), and perhaps yearly training on health programs. Many times it is not until an officer â€Å"crumbles† psychologically and physically that the department is forced to review their policies and protocols regarding overtime, training, inter-departmental conflicts, and a multitude of other concerns . When administration is unable to recognize the problem, the officer will bear the ramifications. References Aarnetz, B. , Arble, E. , Backman., Lynch, A. , Lublin. , A., (2013) Assessment of Prevention  Program for Work-Related Stress among Urban Police Officers. International Archives  of Occupational Environmental Health. 86:79-88 Anshel, M. , Kang, M. (2008) Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing on Changes in Fitness,  Blood Lipids, and Exercise Adherence of Police Officers: An Outcome-Based Action  Study. Journal of Correctional Health Care.14:48-62 Austin-Ketch, T. , Violanti, J. , Andrew, M. , Hartley, T. , Vena, J. (2010) Diabetes Metabolic  Syndrome: Clinical Research Reviews. Published by Elsvier (4) 82–88 Berard, P. , (2012) Program Helps Service Professionals. 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Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vascular Biology 24:13-18 Gershon, R. , Barocas, B., Canton, A. , Li, X. , Vlahov, D. (2009) Mental, Physical, and  Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Perceived Work Stress in Police Officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 36: 275-289 Goldbacher, M. , Bromberger, J. , Matthews, K. (2009) Lifetime History of Major Depression  Predicts the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-aged Women. Psychosomatic Medicine Journal 71:266–272 Grossmeier, J. , Terry, P. , Anderson, D. , Wright, S.(2012) Financial Impact of Population  Health Management Programs: Reevaluating the Literature. Population health  management. (15) 3:129 134 Han, T. , Jean, M. (2011) Metabolic syndrome. Medicine 4 (39): 1 Hartley, T. , Knox, S. , Fekedulegn, D. , Barbosa-Leiker, C. , Violanti, J. , Andrew, M. ,  Burchfiel, C. (2010) Association between Depressive Symptoms and Metabolic Syndrome in Police Officers: Results from Two Cross-Sectional Studies. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. Volume 2012. Article ID 861219, 9 pages Huang, P. (2009) A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Disease Models   Mechanisms 2: 231-237 Kahl, K. , Greggersen, W. , Schweiger, U. , Cordes, J. , Balijepalli , C. , Lo ¨sch, C. , Moebus, S.  (2012). Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Unipolar Major Depression. European  Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 262: 313-320 Marmar, C. , McCaslin, S. , Metzler, T. , Best, S. , Weiss, D. , Fagan, . . . ,Nelan,T. (2006)  Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Police and Other First Responders. New York Academy of Sciences 1071:1-18  Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2007) Retrieved from  http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tptid=71 Rajaratnam, S. , Barger, L. , Lockley, S. , Shea, S. , Wang, W. , Landrigan, C., . . . Czeisler, C.  (2011) Sleep Disorders, Health, and Safety in Police Officers. Journal of American Medical Association. 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C., Dorn, J, (2009) Cortisol Patterns and Brachial Artery  Reactivity in a High Stress Environment. Psychiatry Research 169:75–81 Violanti, J. , Burchfiel, C. , Hartley, T. , Mnatsakanova, A. , Fekedulegn, D. , Andrew, M., Vila, B., (2009) Atypical Work Hours and Metabolic Syndrome Among Police Officers. (64) 3: 194-200